Monday, June 6, 2016

Edit of Vayikra 26

I said that it is easy to imagine the text Vayikra 26 before the edit. Let me actually do the reverse edit, perhaps a bit surprisingly.

וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם, מִצְו‍ֹתַי, וַעֲשִׂיתֶם, אֹתָם: אֲנִי, יְהוָה. וְלֹא תְחַלְּלוּ, אֶת-שֵׁם קָדְשִׁי, וְנִקְדַּשְׁתִּי, בְּתוֹךְ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל: אֲנִי יְהוָה, מְקַדִּשְׁכֶם. הַמּוֹצִיא אֶתְכֶם מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם, לִהְיוֹת לָכֶם לֵאלֹהִים: אֲנִי, יְהוָה.

אִם-בְּחֻקֹּתַי, תֵּלֵכוּ; וְאֶת-מִשְׁפָּטַי וְאֶת-מִצְו‍ֹתַי תִּשְׁמְרוּ, וַעֲשִׂיתֶם אֹתָם. וְנָתַתִּי גִשְׁמֵיכֶם, בְּעִתָּם; וְנָתְנָה הָאָרֶץ יְבוּלָהּ, וְעֵץ הַשָּׂדֶה יִתֵּן פִּרְיוֹ. וְהִשִּׂיג לָכֶם דַּיִשׁ אֶת-בָּצִיר, וּבָצִיר יַשִּׂיג אֶת-זָרַע; וַאֲכַלְתֶּם לַחְמְכֶם לָשֹׂבַע, וִישַׁבְתֶּם לָבֶטַח בְּאַרְצְכֶם. וְנָתַתִּי שָׁלוֹם בָּאָרֶץ, וּשְׁכַבְתֶּם וְאֵין מַחֲרִיד; וְהִשְׁבַּתִּי חַיָּה רָעָה, מִן-הָאָרֶץ, וְחֶרֶב, לֹא-תַעֲבֹר בְּאַרְצְכֶם. וּרְדַפְתֶּם, אֶת-אֹיְבֵיכֶם; וְנָפְלוּ לִפְנֵיכֶם, לֶחָרֶב. וְרָדְפוּ מִכֶּם חֲמִשָּׁה מֵאָה, וּמֵאָה מִכֶּם רְבָבָה יִרְדֹּפוּ; וְנָפְלוּ אֹיְבֵיכֶם לִפְנֵיכֶם, לֶחָרֶב. וּפָנִיתִי אֲלֵיכֶם--וְהִפְרֵיתִי אֶתְכֶם, וְהִרְבֵּיתִי אֶתְכֶם; וַהֲקִימֹתִי אֶת-בְּרִיתִי, אִתְּכֶם. וַאֲכַלְתֶּם יָשָׁן, נוֹשָׁן; וְיָשָׁן, מִפְּנֵי חָדָשׁ תּוֹצִיאוּ. וְנָתַתִּי מִשְׁכָּנִי, בְּתוֹכְכֶם; וְלֹא-תִגְעַל נַפְשִׁי, אֶתְכֶם. וְהִתְהַלַּכְתִּי, בְּתוֹכְכֶם, וְהָיִיתִי לָכֶם, לֵאלֹהִים; וְאַתֶּם, תִּהְיוּ-לִי לְעָם. אֲנִי יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם, אֲשֶׁר הוֹצֵאתִי אֶתְכֶם מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם, מִהְיֹת לָהֶם, עֲבָדִים; וָאֶשְׁבֹּר מֹטֹת עֻלְּכֶם, וָאוֹלֵךְ אֶתְכֶם קוֹמְמִיּוּת.

וְאִם-לֹא תִשְׁמְעוּ, לִי; וְלֹא תַעֲשׂוּ, אֵת כָּל-הַמִּצְו‍ֹת הָאֵלֶּה. וְאִם-בְּחֻקֹּתַי תִּמְאָסוּ, וְאִם אֶת-מִשְׁפָּטַי תִּגְעַל נַפְשְׁכֶם, לְבִלְתִּי עֲשׂוֹת אֶת-כָּל-מִצְו‍ֹתַי, לְהַפְרְכֶם אֶת-בְּרִיתִי. אַף-אֲנִי אֶעֱשֶׂה-זֹּאת לָכֶם, וְהִפְקַדְתִּי עֲלֵיכֶם

The small fonts denote text that is removed in the reverse edit, i.e., that was added by P (see, e.g., Yechezkel 5:7). The surprising part is that וְאֶת-מִשְׁפָּטַי was replaced by וְאֶת-מִצְו‍ֹתַי, by P, it seems. This is very non-typical, though. In general, P only adds terms and phrases. In this case, however, there are three reasons to assume that a replacement took place:

1. The words וְאֶת-מִשְׁפָּטַי and וְאֶת-מִצְו‍ֹתַי sound similar.

2. The original text is (assumed to be) very designed. Note the restored symmetry between

וְאִם-בְּחֻקֹּתַי תִּמְאָסוּ, וְאִם אֶת-מִשְׁפָּטַי תִּגְעַל נַפְשְׁכֶם

and

אִם-בְּחֻקֹּתַי, תֵּלֵכוּ; וְאֶת-מִשְׁפָּטַי תִּשְׁמְרוּ, וַעֲשִׂיתֶם אֹתָם

Also, see Vayikra 18:4,5:

אֶת-מִשְׁפָּטַי תַּעֲשׂוּ וְאֶת-חֻקֹּתַי תִּשְׁמְרוּ, לָלֶכֶת בָּהֶם: אֲנִי, יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם. וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם אֶת-חֻקֹּתַי וְאֶת-מִשְׁפָּטַי, אֲשֶׁר יַעֲשֶׂה אֹתָם הָאָדָם וָחַי בָּהֶם: אֲנִי, יְהוָה

It does seem that מִצְו‍ֹתַי, et cetera, are not in the dictionary of H.

3. In Yechezkel 36:27 (37:24 has a playful variant), it "quotes" the original H text as:

וְעָשִׂיתִי, אֵת אֲשֶׁר-בְּחֻקַּי תֵּלֵכוּ, וּמִשְׁפָּטַי תִּשְׁמְרוּ, וַעֲשִׂיתֶם

Note that Yechezkel has many such quotes of Vayikra 26. For instance, 34:24, Yechezkel states

וַאֲנִי יְהוָה, אֶהְיֶה לָהֶם לֵאלֹהִים

similar to

לִהְיוֹת לָכֶם לֵאלֹהִים: אֲנִי, יְהוָה

leading to many other quotes, of the above section of Vayikra 26, in 34:23-31, in 36:9-11, in 36:26-28, and in 37:23-28. This confirms that לִהְיוֹת לָכֶם לֵאלֹהִים: אֲנִי, יְהוָה was indeed in Vayikra 26, which therefore started as appears above.

Also, given the high number of quotes from H in Yechezkel, and given that the word Mitzvot does not occur in Yechezkel, we take as a confirmation of the absence of the word Mitzvot in the original H. By contrast, P, with its many occurrences of the word Mitzvot, is unlikely to be a source of Yechezkel.

The word Mitzvot is not only absent from Yechezkel. It does not appear in Yirmyahu except 35:18, but those are the Mitzvot of a man, not of G-d, and as the Septuagint does not confirm the usage of the word, it probably came in through a later edit anyway. Neither does it appear in (the first) Yeshayahu. Neither in any of the minor prophets. The word Mitzvot only appears unambiguously in Deutero-Yeshaya, 48:18. If you needed a confirmation of our thesis, here is one.