At http://www.thesanhedrin.org/en/index.php?title=Korban_Pesach_in_our_time:_Questions_and_Answers, Rav Dov Stein relates to the question:
How do we know that we have someone who is really a Cohen (Priest)? Is it important?
He answers:
There are alive today Cohanim with a documented tradition of lineage that is both reliable and verified.
Please ask Rav Stein whether these Cohanim are of Y-chromosomal haplotype J1 or of Y-chromosomal haplotype J2. It would seem that at most one of the two can be descendents of Aharon the Cohen.
Tuesday, May 6, 2014
Question to Dov Stein
Before going further, I asked Rav Dov Stein the following question.